Trajetórias socioeconômicas compartilhadas no Brasil: cenários para a dinâmica populacional e os desafios à adaptação e mitigação / Shared socioeconomic pathways in Brazil: Scenarios for population dynamics and the challenges to adaptation and mitigation / Trayectorias socioeconómicas compartidas en Brasil: escenarios de dinámica poblacional y desafíos para la adaptación y mitigación

Resumo Dentre os múltiplos avanços científicos na compreensão das relações entre mudanças climáticas e dinâmica populacional, uma das principais inovações ocorreu na atual geração de modelagem climática, com a inclusão de um conjunto de cenários em que as questões populacionais são centrais. Baseados em narrativas de trajetórias socioeconômicas, estes cenários traçam alternativas para os desenvolvimentos sociais futuros, que, por sua vez, consideram projeções populacionais multidimensionais, construídas a partir das variáveis sexo, idade e escolaridade. Tais projeções incorporam heterogeneidades populacionais relevantes para a adaptação, sendo, potencialmente, mais sensíveis às mudanças na dinâmica demográfica e à compreensão da relação população e ambiente. No Brasil, contudo, tanto os pressupostos como as implicações desta abordagem são quase inexistentes. O presente artigo aborda esta discussão para o país, considerando seus aspectos teóricos e metodológicos. Destacam-se algumas das inferências da abordagem das shared socioeconomic pathways (SSPs) - trajetórias socioeconômicas compartilhadas - para construir projeções populacionais no nível subnacional, enfatizando os ganhos potenciais desta agenda no campo de população e ambiente.

Abstract During the past decades, there were scientific advances to better comprehend climate change and population dynamics. One of the main ones was the inclusion of a set of scenarios in current generation of climate modelling, with population as its human core. These are the shared socioeconomic pathways that result in population projections constructed by multi-dimensional demography, with population disaggregated by, sex, age and educational attainment. Such projections incorporate relevant population heterogeneities to adaptation and are potentially more sensitive to capture changes in demographic dynamics. This paper addresses this discussion for Brazil, considering both theoretical and methodological aspects. We highlight some of the implications of SSPs approach to construct population projections at the subnational level, emphasizing the benefits this agenda could bring to the population and environment fields.

Resumen Los avances en la ciencia para una mejor comprensión de las relaciones entre el cambio climático y la dinámica de la población se han producido en varios campos durante las últimas tres décadas. Una de las principales innovaciones se observa en la generación actual de modelos climáticos, con la inclusión de un conjunto de escenarios en los que los temas de población son centrales. Estos escenarios, denominados trayectorias socioeconómicas compartidas, esbozan alternativas para futuros desarrollos sociales que, a su vez, consideran proyecciones poblacionales multidimensionales, construidas a partir de las variables sexo, edad y educación. Estas proyecciones incorporan heterogeneidades de población relevantes para la adaptación y son potencialmente más sensibles a los cambios en la dinámica demográfica. Este artículo aborda esta discusión para Brasil, considerando sus aspectos teóricos y metodológicos. Se destacan algunas de las implicaciones del enfoque para construir proyecciones de población en el ámbito subnacional, con énfasis los logros que esta agenda puede traer al campo de población y medio ambiente.

Interações entre ações de adaptação e mitigação às mudanças climáticas: as experiências de políticas públicas e ações associadas ao clima na cidade de São Paulo / Interactions between climate change adaptation and mitigation actions: a case study on the experiences of climate-related public policies in the city of São Paulo

As questões sobre as mudanças climáticas e sustentabilidade urbana têm ganhado mais notoriedade frente aos fenômenos observados mundialmente. Estes representados por inundações, furacões, chuvas com altos índices pluviométricos, estiagem, bem como suas consequências perante a saúde e vida econômica das pessoas, por exemplo. Em 2018, o Painel Intergovernamental sobre Mudanças Climáticas (IPCC) divulgou por meio dos seus relatórios que a temperatura do planeta aumentou e propõe que políticas para o clima devem ser adotadas urgentemente. As cidades têm despontado como um ator fundamental em oferecer e implementar respostas às mudanças climáticas. Nesse sentido, a pesquisa teve objetivo investigar as interações entre ações de adaptação e mitigação no combate às mudanças climáticas, no contexto urbano, por meio de um estudo de caso sobre as experiências de políticas públicas e ações associadas ao clima na cidade de São Paulo. A metodologia adotada envolveu o levantamento de documentos, entrevistas e busca de casos na literatura. A partir dos resultados foi realizada análise com base na identificação da existência de interações entre ações de adaptação e mitigação, seus tipos de inter-relação (co-benefício, sinergias e trade-offs) e de que maneira essas ações e políticas públicas reverberaram na arena urbana, bem como identificação de melhores práticas relacionadas ao tema. A pesquisa oferece a análise sobre o processo de implementação de políticas públicas e ações normativas da cidade de São Paulo e contribuiu para formulação de quadro analítico para estudos dessa natureza adaptado às condições brasileiras.

Questions about climate change and urban sustainability have gained more notoriety in view of the phenomena observed worldwide. These represented by floods, hurricanes, rains with high rainfall, drought, as well as their consequences on people's health and economic life, for example. In 2018, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) disclosed through its reports that the planet's temperature has increased and proposes that climate policies should be adopted urgently. Cities have emerged as a key player in providing and implementing responses to climate change. In this sense, the research aimed to investigate the interactions between adaptation and mitigation actions in the fight against climate change, in the urban context, through a case study on the experiences of public policies and actions associated with the climate in the city of São Paulo. The adopted methodology involved the survey of documents, interviews and search of cases in the literature. Based on the results, an analysis was carried out based on identifying the existence of interactions between adaptation and mitigation actions, their types of interrelationship (co-benefit, synergies and trade-offs) and how these actions and public policies reverberated in the urban arena, as well as identifying best practices related to the theme. The research offers an analysis of the process of implementing public policies and normative actions in the city of São Paulo and contributed to the formulation of an analytical framework for studies of this nature adapted to Brazilian conditions.

Time to treat the climate and nature crisis as one indivisible Global Health Emergency

@#Over 200 health journals call on the United Nations, political leaders, and health professionals to recognise that climate change and biodiversity loss are one indivisible crisis and must be tackled together to preserve health and avoid catastrophe. This overall environmental crisis is now so severe as to be a global health emergency.

On the brink: The climate and nature crisis and risks of nuclear war

@#The Russian military invasion of Ukraine on February 24, 2022, and Hamas’ terror attack on Israel on October 7, 2023, signaled the beginning of two of the most recent wars to make international headlines. To date, over 110 armed conflicts are taking place: over 45 in the Middle East and North Africa (Cyprus, Egypt, Iraq, Israel, Libya, Morocco, Palestine, Syria, Turkey, Yemen, Western Sahara); over 35 in Africa (Burkina Faso, Cameroon, the Central African Republic, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Mali, Mozambique, Nigeria, Senegal, Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan); 21 in Asia (Afghanistan, India, Myanmar, Pakistan, the Philippines); seven in Europe (Russia, Ukraine, Moldova, Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan); and six in Latin America (three each in Mexico and Colombia); with two more international armed conflicts (between India and Pakistan, and between India and China) in Asia.1 This list does not even include such problematic situations as those involving China and the South East Asia region. As though these situations of armed violence were not enough, mankind has already passed or is on the verge of passing several climate tipping points – a recent review lists nine Global core tipping elements (and their tipping points) - the Greenland Ice Sheet (collapse); West Antarctic Ice Sheet (collapse); Labrador-Irminger Seas / SPG Convection (collapse); East Antarctic Subglacial Basins (collapse); Amazon Rainforest (dieback); Boreal Permafrost (collapse); Atlantic M.O. Circulation (collapse); Arctic Winter Sea Ice (collapse); and East Antarctic Ice Sheet (collapse); and seven Regional impact tipping elements (and their tipping points) – Low-latitude Coral Reefs (die-off); Boreal Permafrost (abrupt thaw); Barents Sea Ice (abrupt loss); Mountain Glaciers (loss); Sahel and W. African Monsoon (greening); Boreal Forest (southern dieback); and Boreal Forest (northern expansion).2 Closer to home, how can we forget the disaster and devastation wrought by Super Typhoon Haiyan (Yolanda) 10 years ago to date? Whether international or non-international, armed conflicts raise the risk of nuclear war. Russia has already “rehearsed its ability to deliver a ‘massive’ nuclear strike,” conducting “practical launches of ballistic and cruise missiles,” and stationed a first batch of tactical nuclear weapons in Belarus,3 and the possibility of nuclear escalation in Ukraine cannot be overestimated.4 Meanwhile, in a rare public announcement, the U.S. Central Command revealed that an Ohio- class submarine (560 feet long, 18,750 tons submerged and carrying as many as 154 Tomahawk cruise missiles) had arrived in the Middle East on November 5, 2023.5 Indeed, “the danger is great and growing,” as “any use of nuclear weapons would be catastrophic for humanity.”

Global warming and the Summer Olympic and Paralympic games: a perspective from the Tokyo 2020 Games

The Tokyo 2020 Olympic and Paralympic Games provided a significant opportunity to consider global warming as an issue to be seriously addressed to run the safe and fair games in the era of climate change. As the global temperature continuously rises and extreme hot-weather events increase in frequency and intensity, the future summer Olympic and Paralympic games will need to deal with the heat by applying thorough and appropriate countermeasures. In the recent decades, many mitigation measures to protect athletes from heat have been rapidly discussed by the sports community, including countermeasures to hold games at times and places with moderate temperature and climatic risk assessments with Wet Bulb Globe Temperature (WBGT) during the games. However, the excessive heat conditions in the Tokyo 2020 Games affected not only athletes, but also all people concerned the events. While deliberate considerations by organizers had been given to mitigate extraordinary heat, the evaluations of these measures and epidemiological analyses of risk factors of patients must be further enhanced to develop efficient measures for the future. Therefore, we discussed the underlying climate-related problems of the summer Olympic and Paralympic Games in view of what we had experienced in the Tokyo 2020 Games. Facing with emerging global warming, future intervention against heat in the summer Olympic and Paralympic games will need to integrate systematic disease surveillance and evaluation of intervention with an effective combination with the approaches previously conducted. The Tokyo 2020 Games is a wake-up call to accelerate the public health measures towards the creeping global warming.

Comportamiento meteorológico durante la sequía de medio verano en Guatemala / Meteorological behavior during the mid-summer drought in Guatemala

El objetivo de esta investigación consistió en explorar el comportamiento histórico de la temperatura, precipitación y la radiación saliente de onda larga (OLR) para Guatemala, durante el período de sequía de medio verano (canícula). El procedimiento metodológico partió del uso de la base de datos de 38 estaciones meteorológicas del Instituto Nacional de Sismología, Vulcanología, Meteorología e Hidrología, de Guatemala (Insivumeh), del periodo de 1971-2019. Se realizaron promedios para cada región del país; Norte, Caribe, Franja Trasversal, Pacífico, Boca Costa, Oriente y Altiplano. Mediante series de tiempo con resolución temporal diaria, se evaluaron señales de cambio y se hicieron gráficas de OLR con la base de datos del Centro Nacional de Predicción Ambiental (NCEP, por sus siglas en inglés) de 2.5° x 2.5° de resolución. Los resultados muestran que la temperatura ha aumentado en dicho periodo, encontrando que en algunas regiones climáticas el aumento ha sido de 1 ºC y en otras de 2 ºC. Asimismo, se encontró que los días sin lluvia tienen una tendencia hacia el aumento, al igual que la radiación saliente de onda larga. La canícula, es un fenómeno meteorológico que está siendo afectado por el cambio climático, y en la medida que se siga experimentando un calentamiento diferencial entre los océanos Pacífico y Atlántico, influirá en el cambio de clima para Guatemala. En conclusión, durante la canícula se manifestaron señales de tendencia hacia el aumento de la temperatura, aumento de días sin lluvia y aumento de OLR.

The objective of this research was to explore the historical behavior of temperature, precipitation and outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) for Guatemala, during the midsummer drought period (canícula). The methodological procedure was based on the use of the database of 38 stations of the National Institute of Seismology, Volcanology, Meteorology and Hydrology, of Guatemala (Insivumeh), from the period 1971-2019. Averages were made for each region of the country; North, Caribbean, Transversal Strip, Pacific, Boca Costa, East and Altiplano. Using time series with daily temporal resolution, signals of change were evaluated and OLR plots were made using the National Center for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) database at 2.5° x 2.5° resolution. The results show that the temperature has reached in this period, finding that in some climatic regions the increase has been 1 ºC and in others 2 ºC. Likewise, it was found that the days without rain have a tendency to increase, as well as the outstanding longwave radiation. The heat wave is a meteorological phenomenon that is being affected by climate change, and to the extent that differential heating between the Pacific and Atlantic oceans continues to be experienced, it will influence the climate change for Guatemala. In conclusion, during the heat wave there are signs of a trend towards an increase in temperature, an increase in days without rain and an increase in OLR,

Determinantes de la salud ambiental en el Perú: curva de Kuznets 1990-2015 / Determinants of environmental health in Peru: Kuznets curve 1990-2015

El ambiente es el lugar donde vive, trabaja y se desarrolla el hombre, compuesto básicamente por dos sistemas interrelacionados e independientes: por una parte, es el hombre conviviendo en una sociedad con características muy diferentes, y por el otro lado, los elementos de la naturaleza siendo transformados por los hombres donde viven inmersos. En ese sentido, la degradación y contaminación ambiental, tienen efectos notables en la vidad de los seres humanos, siendo responsable de la muerte de cientos de millones de personas que sufren de enfermedades respiratorias asociadas con la contaminación externa e interior del aire. En ese sentido, ya a partir de las últimas décadas, las emisiones de dióxido de carbono han alcanzado cifras record superando las 10 gigatoneladas. Este incremento está asociado al sector energético (47%), la industria (30%) y el transporte (11%) principalmente, lo que ha logrado un calentamiento global progresivo de la superficie terrestre con las consecuencias típicas asociadas al derretimiento de los glaciares, cambios en los ciclos hidrológicos, falta de alimentos, aumento de los fenómenos meteorológicos, migraciones descontroladas, enfermedades y pandemias. De este modo, surge la economía ambiental, una disciplina que intenta dar repuestas integrales entre ambos tópicos, medio ambiente y economía, donde diversas teorías tratan de explicar los fenómenos observados. El concepto de las Curvas de Kuznets Ambientales (CKA), señala una relación dinámica entre el PIB y la calidad del medio ambiente. El objetivo del artículo ha sido determinar si en el Perú, durante el periodo 1990-2015, ha habido una relación en forma de U invertida entre la producción interna y la contaminación del aire. La investigación prueba que, en el Perú, durante el periodo 1990-2015, no ha habido una relación en forma de U invertida entre la producción interna y la contaminación del aire, sino que la producción interna ha tenido un impacto positivo y lineal sobre el dióxido de carbono y el óxido de nitrógeno(AU)

The environment is the place where man lives, works and develops, basically composed of two interrelated and independent systems: on the one hand, it is man living together in a society with very different characteristics, and on the other hand, the elements of the nature being transformed by men where they live immersed. In this sense, environmental degradation and pollution have notable effects on the lives of human beings, being responsible for the death of hundreds of millions of people who suffer from respiratory diseases associated with external and internal air pollution. In this sense, already in recent decades, carbon dioxide emissions have reached record figures, exceeding 10 gigatons. This increase is mainly associated with the energy sector (47%), industry (30%) and transport (11%), which has achieved a progressive global warming of the earth's surface with the typical consequences associated with the melting of glaciers, changes in hydrological cycles, lack of food, increased weather events, uncontrolled migrations, diseases and pandemics. In this way, environmental economics arises, a discipline that tries to provide comprehensive answers between both topics, environment and economy, where various theories try to explain the observed phenomena. The concept of the Environmental Kuznets Curves (EKC), indicates a dynamic relationship between GDP and the quality of the environment. The objective of the article has been to determine if in Peru, during the period 1990-2015, there has been an inverted U-shaped relationship between internal production and air pollution. The research proves that, in Peru, during the period 1990-2015, there has not been an inverted U-shaped relationship between domestic production and air pollution, but rather that domestic production has had a positive and linear impact on air pollution. carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxide(AU)

Efecto de la temperatura y concentración de microplásticos en la tasa de filtración del mejillón Semimytilus algosus (Mytiloida: Mytilidae) / Effect of temperature and microplastic concentration on the filtration rate of the mussel Semimytilus algosus (Myiloida: Mytilidae)

Resumen Introducción: La presencia de microplásticos (MPs, partículas menores a 5 mm) y el incremento de la temperatura en los océanos, vienen generando perturbaciones en la vida marina, que se pueden relacionar con alteraciones en el metabolismo de organismos filtradores, como los mitílidos. Objetivo: Se evalúa el efecto de diferentes temperaturas y concentraciones de MPs sobre la tasa de filtración (TF) de Semimytilus algosus. Métodos: Una muestra de organismos (N = 72) fue expuesta a cuatro temperaturas (17, 20, 23 y 26 °C), y un testigo sin microplásticos (MPs0) y dos concentraciones de MPs (< 125 µm) de 0.125 mg/l (MPs1) y 0.250 mg/l (MPs2), todos en combinación con la microalga Isochrysis galbana (1x106 cel/ml/día) por 21 días. Resultados: A medida que aumentó la concentración de MPs, se redujo la TF de S. algosus. Respecto a la temperatura, durante el día 7 se observó una mayor TF a 23 °C en todos los tratamientos, y para los días 14 y 21 se obtuvieron los menores valores de TF a 23 y 26 °C. La acción conjunta del incremento de temperatura y MPs, afectó negativamente la TF de S. algosus, donde ambos factores ocasionaron el descenso de la TF para todos los tiempos de evaluación. No se registró mortalidad a 17 °C para ningún tratamiento, y en el caso de mitílidos expuestos a MPs1 y temperaturas de 20 y 26 °C se presentó la mayor mortalidad (67 %). Conclusiones: El estudio demuestra el efecto adverso del incremento de temperatura y MPs sobre la TF de S. algosus.

Abstract Introduction: The presence of microplastics (MPs, particles smaller than 5 mm) and the increase in temperature in the oceans, have been generating disturbances in marine life, which can be related to alterations in the metabolism of filter-feeders, such as Mythilids. Objective: The effect of different temperatures and concentrations of MPs on the filtration rate (TF) of Semimytilus algosus is evaluated. Methods: A sample of organisms (N = 72) was exposed to four temperatures (17, 20, 23 and 26 °C), and a control without microplastics (MPs0) and two concentrations of MPs (< 125 µm) of 0.125 mg/l (MPs1) and 0.250 mg/l (MPs2), all in combination with Isochrysis galbana microalgae (1x106 cells/ml/day) for 21 days. Results: As the concentration of MPs increased, the TF of S. algosus decreased. Regarding temperature, during day 7 a higher TF was observed at 23 °C in all treatments, and during days 14 and 21 the lowest TF values were obtained at 23 and 26 °C. The joint action of the increase in temperature and MPs, negatively affected the TF of S. algosus, where both factors caused the decrease in TF for all evaluation times. No mortality was recorded at 17 °C for any treatment, and in the case of mytylids exposed to MPs1 at 20 °C and 26 °C, the highest mortality (67 %) occurred. Conclusions: The study demonstrates the adverse effect of the increase in temperature and MPs on the TF of S. algosus.

Llamamiento a adoptar medidas urgentes para limitar los aumentos de temperatura en el mundo, restablecer la diversidad biológica y proteger la salud / Call for emergency action to limit global temperature increases, restore biodiversity, and protect health

La publicación de este artículo es una iniciativa organizada por la Alianza Global por el Clima y la Salud (GCHA, por sus siglas en inglés) a través de la Alianza de Salud del Reino Unido sobre el Cambio Climático (UKHACC, por sus siglas en inglés) y los miembros del Grupo de Trabajo Latinoamericano sobre Cambio Climático y Salud. La convocatoria tiene un doble objetivo: que los líderes mundiales acuerden los cambios necesarios para mantener el aumento de la temperatura global por debajo de 1,5°C y que los profesionales de la salud adquieran una mayor relevancia en el debate global sobre la crisis climática y la pérdida de la biodiversidad. La convocatoria se desarrolla en el contexto de la próxima celebración de la Asamblea General de Naciones Unidas que se iniciará el 14 de septiembre de 2021, así como también de la celebración de la conferencia climática COP26 que este año se realizará en Glasgow. Este artículo, cuya autoría pertenece principalmente a editores de 18 prestigiosas revistas científicas ampliamente representativas de los continentes y disciplinas de la salud del mundo, ya ha sido publicada simultáneamente en más de 200 revistas científicas internacionales (https://www.bmj.com/content/full-list-authors-and-signatories-climate-emergency-editorial-september-2021). En esta ocasión, la Revista Argentina de Salud Pública se suma a esta iniciativa conjunta a través de la publicación del artículo en español, con el fin de promover su difusión en los países de la Región. El editorial expresa también la necesidad de restablecer la diversidad biológica y proteger la salud, y de que los países de altos ingresos hagan mayores recortes en sus emisiones de carbono y transfieran fondos a los países de ingresos bajos y medianos. Además, exhorta a la intervención de los gobiernos en el rediseño de los sistemas de transporte, las ciudades, la producción y distribución de alimentos, los mercados para las inversiones financieras, los sistemas de salud, entre otros aspectos, lo que redundaría en amplios beneficios para la salud.

Asia Pacific Association of Allergy Asthma and Clinical Immunology White Paper 2020 on climate change, air pollution, and biodiversity in Asia-Pacific and impact on allergic diseases

Air pollution, climate change, and reduced biodiversity are major threats to human health with detrimental effects on a variety of chronic noncommunicable diseases in particular respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. The extent of air pollution both outdoor and indoor air pollution and climate change including global warming is increasing-to alarming proportions particularly in the developing world especially rapidly industrializing countries worldwide. In recent years, Asia has experienced rapid economic growth and a deteriorating environment and increase in allergic diseases to epidemic proportions. Air pollutant levels in many Asian countries especially in China and India are substantially higher than are those in developed countries. Moreover, industrial, traffic-related, and household biomass combustion, indoor pollutants from chemicals and tobacco are major sources of air pollutants, with increasing burden on respiratory allergies. Here we highlight the major components of outdoor and indoor air pollutants and their impacts on respiratory allergies associated with asthma and allergic rhinitis in the Asia-Pacific region. With Asia-Pacific comprising more than half of the world's population there is an urgent need to increase public awareness, highlight targets for interventions, public advocacy and a call to action to policy makers to implement policy changes towards reducing air pollution with interventions at a population-based level.

Arbuscular mycorrhizae fungi a potential eco-friendly tool for sustainable agriculture under changing climatic conditions/ in biotic and abiotic stress conditions

Los hongos micorrízicos arbusculares (HMA) son biotrofos obligados que viven en asociación simbiótica con las raíces de las plantas. Se encuentran entre los microorganismos del suelo más extendidos que proporcionan a la planta huésped nutrientes y protección contra patógenos. Las prácticas agrícolas modernas, como la labranza frecuente, el alto empleo de fertilización inorgánica pesticidas junto con condiciones climáticas cambiantes debido al calentamiento global, tienen enormes impactos en la colonización de los HMA, la interacción con las plantas y la productividad de los cultivos. Los HMA afectan positivamente la tolerancia de las plantas al estrés biótico y abiótico, a los ecosistemas severos y sus patógenos al alterar la estructura de las raíces, la exudación, la microflora de la rizosfera, la producción de antifúngicos y antibacterianos, y al competir con los patógenos por la absorción de nutrientes. Por lo tanto, juegan un papel importante en el crecimiento, la productividad y la calidad de las plantas. Además, el efecto de un fungicida varía según su modo de acción y las especies de HMA asociadas, lo que sugiere que estos hongos tienen un gran potencial como herramienta para la agricultura sostenible ecológica en el actual escenario de calentamiento global.

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) are obligate biotrophs living in symbiotic association with roots of plants. They are among the most widespread soil microorganisms that provide the host plant with nutrients and pathogen protection. Modern farming practices like frequent tillage, high input inorganic fertilization and pesticide along changing climatic conditions due to global warming, have huge impacts on AMF colonization, interaction with plants and on crop productivity. AMF positively affect the plant tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses, harsh ecosystems and plant pathogens by altering root structure, exudation, rhizosphere microflora, production of antifungals, antibacterials, and competing with pathogens for nutrient uptake. Thus, it plays a significant role in plant growth, productivity and quality. Further, the effect of a fungicide is varied depending on its mode of action and the associated AMF species, suggesting that these fungi have a strong potential as a tool for eco-friendly sustainable farming in the present scenario of global warming.

Wildfires as a Public Health Problem: a Setting for Nursing in Disasters

Climate change and global warming are phenomena that are progressively affecting the planet. Temperature changes bring about various threats in distinct sectors and environments of human society, among them, threats to health secondary to extreme temperatures and natural disasters. Thus, it is constituted as a global threat to biodiversity and the human population, given that it affects habitat conditions, as well as causes an increase in forest fires as consequence of increased temperatures and diminished precipitations. Forest fires have attracted attention not only because of their ecological and environmental consequences, but also in production and economic aspects and in relation with the health of people potentially exposed, given that these place populations at environmental risks, like fire, smoke, and others derived from the combustion of wood and chemical products that can be released.

Respuesta de Fragaria mexicana y comunidades microbianas rizosféricas al aumento de temperature / Response of Fragaria Mexicana and rhizophere microbial communitites to temperature increase

Resumen Para los próximos 100 años se pronostica un incremento en la temperatura del planeta de casi 4 °C, lo cual pondrá en riesgo las especies que no logren adaptarse. En esta investigación se determinaron las respuestas morfofisiológicas de F. mexicana y los cambios en la población de bacterias fijadoras de nitrógeno atmosférico (BFN) asociadas a sus raíces, debido a dos condiciones ambientales con diferencias medias de temperatura de 5.1 oC: invernadero (temperatura alta, TA) y campo abierto (temperatura baja, TB); y con cuatro tratamientos: sin inocular (T), inoculadas con la cepa ocho (CP8), cepa cuatro (CP4) y con ambas cepas (CP8 + 4). Las BFN fueron aisladas de la rizosfera de F. mexicana y transformadas genéticamente con reporteros, para cuantificar la población al final del experimento. Se midió el peso seco de la parte aérea y la raíz, la tasa de asimilación de CO2 (A), el inicio de la floración, el número de flores y frutos; y la persistencia de las bacterias fijadoras de N atmosférico (BFN). Además, se evaluó la concentración de NO3, NH4, P y materia orgánica (MO) en el sustrato, al inicio y final del experimento. Las plantas sometidas a alta temperatura presentaron mayor peso seco de la parte aérea y fotosíntesis; con una disminución en el peso seco de la raíz, y en el número de flores y frutos. La MO en el sustrato disminuyó, mientras que la disponibilidad de NO3, NH4 y P aumentó. El incremento de temperatura y la mayor presencia de N en el substrato provocaron reducción en la población de BFN. Estos resultados sugieren que temperaturas altas estimulan el crecimiento de F. mexicana y tienen un impacto negativo sobre su reproducción y en las BFN asociadas a sus raíces.(AU)

Abstract The earth could experience a warming of 4 °C in the next one hundred years. This would put at risk the plants that can´t adapt. Fragaria mexicana is an endemic plant of temperate forest of Mexico. The response of this wild strawberry to temperature increasing has not been studied and could play an important role for event of global warming. This study determinate the morphological and physiological responses of F. mexicana and changes in the N2-fixing bacteria (BFN) population on its roots, due to two environmental conditions with differences of temperature 5.1 °C: greenhouse (high temperature, TA) and open land (low temperature, TB); and with four free-living nitrogen-fixing bacteria (BFN) treatments: non-inoculated (T), inoculated with strain eight (CP8), strain four (CP4), and strains eight and four mixed (CP8 + 4). BFN were isolated from the rhizosphere of F. mexicana and were genetically transformed with reporters to quantify the population at the end of the experiment. NO3, NH4 and P and organic matter (MO) in the substrate were determined at beginning and finish of the experiment. Shoot and root dry weight, photosynthetic rate, flowering and fructification starting, flowers and fruits number, were measured. Shoot dry weight and photosynthetic rate were lower in TB than TA, decreasing 3.1 g and 0.94 µmol m-2 s-1, respectively. Root dry weight was 3.0 g less in TA compared with TB. Number flowers decrease in 40.89 % and number fruits in 38.11 % on TA than TB. F. mexicana plants start flowering 14 days previously in TB than TA. MO in the substrate decrease in TA, while the concentration of NO3, NH4 and P, increased. Population of BFN was lower in TA. Results obtained indicated that higher temperature promotes the growth of F. mexicana and reduce its reproduction and BNF population associated with its roots.(AU)

Potencial de adaptação dos municípios paulistas aos efeitos das mudanças climáticas: aplicação do índice de adaptação urbana no Estado de São Paulo / Adaptive potential of São Paulo's municipalities to climate change effects application of the urban adaptation index in the State of São Paulo

Pesquisadores apontam que a ação antrópica é responsável pelo aquecimento de aproximadamente 1°C na temperatura do planeta e que, se esse ritmo for mantido, a meta do Acordo de Paris de restringir o aquecimento global em 1,5ºC deverá ser ultrapassada por volta do ano de 2040. Os impactos deste aquecimento afetarão com maior intensidade populações social, ambiental e economicamente mais vulneráveis, trazendo especiais desafios para as cidades, que concentrarão 66% da população mundial até a metade do século. No Brasil, alguns fatores dificultam a ampliação da capacidade de adaptação dos governos locais aos efeitos das mudanças climáticas. Dentre estes fatores, destacam-se uma taxa de urbanização acima da média mundial, a desigualdade social, a maneira que as cidades foram planejadas e o baixo domínio da questão climática pelos gestores públicos. Para superar estes problemas, diversos instrumentos de planejamento poderiam ser implantados ou aprimorados, entretanto, muitos municípios necessitam de auxílio para sua tomada de decisão. Nesse sentido, o Índice de Adaptação Urbana (UAI) propõe uma sistematização de indicadores, que verifica a existência ou não de instrumentos de desenvolvimento urbano e de políticas públicas, vinculados às temáticas de habitação, mobilidade urbana, agricultura sustentável, gestão ambiental e resposta aos impactos climáticos que visam a ampliação do potencial adaptativo municipal. Este projeto discute os resultados da aplicação do UAI nos 645 municípios do Estado de São Paulo, fornecendo um diagnóstico do potencial adaptativo dos municípios paulistas. A correlação desses resultados com as características socioambientais de cada região poderá ser utilizada para subsidiar um planejamento local e regional mais adaptado aos efeitos das mudanças climáticas.

Researchers indicate that anthropic action is responsible for the warming of approximately 1°C in the planet's temperature and that, if this pace is maintained, the goal of the Paris Agreement to restrict global warming by 1.5°C should be exceeded by the year 2040. The impacts of this warming will affect with greater intensity social, environmental and economically more vulnerable populations, bringing special challenges to cities, which will concentrate 66% of the world's population by the middle of the century. In Brazil, some factors make it difficult for local governments to increase their capacity to adapt to the effects of climate change. Among these factors, there is a rate of urbanization above the world average, social inequality, the way cities have been planned, and the low level of climate issues by public administrators. In order to overcome these problems, several planning instruments could be implemented or improved, however, many municipalities need assistance for their decision-making. In this sense, the Urban Adaptation Index (UAI) proposes a systematization of indicators, which verifies the existence or not of urban development and public policy instruments, linked to the themes of housing, urban mobility, sustainable agriculture, environmental management and response to climate impacts that aim to increase the municipal adaptive potential. This project discusses the results of the application of UAI in the 645 municipalities of the State of São Paulo, providing a diagnosis on the adaptive potential of these cities. The correlation of the results with the socio-environmental characteristics of each region can be used to support local and regional planning more adapted to the effects of climate change.

Evaluation of Global Heating Reduction Potential with the Replacement of Electricity Supplied by the Local Concessionaire Via Solar Renewable Source

Abstract The objective of this paper is to evaluate, through the 100-year Life Cycle Analysis, Global Warming Potential (GWP) and Global Temperature Increasing Potential (GTP) impact categories. It is proposed scenario of replacement of the energy matrix for the supply of electricity by Solar Photovoltaic, adopting as consumption base the facilities of Supermarkets, as they contribute to environmental impacts for greenhouse gas emissions such as: intensive use of electricity, occupation large areas such as the main building or parking lot sealing the ground, the movement of customers' vehicles with air and noise pollution and the use of plastic bags. Modifying the energy matrix using electricity from renewable sources enables the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. According to proposed scenarios for the composition of the energy matrix, based on the emission values of the Concessionaire's matrix, the result of the analysis confirms the premise that the use of renewable sources contributes to the reduction of environmental impacts, and that the substitution of Concessionaire's energy matrix for Photovoltaic Solar Energy represents a reduction in terms of kgCO2-eq, over the 100-year horizon, of 85% for GTP and 86% for GWP.

Disarray in global governance and climate change chaos / Desordem na governança global e o caos nas mudanças climáticas / Desorden en la gobernanza global y el caos en el cambio climático

Scientists warn that human activity in the Anthropocene is causing the transgression of several planetary boundaries. The population/environment/development equation has become insoluble. This paper reviews the trajectory of climate change and discusses the shortcomings of ongoing efforts to address it. It analyzes the current crisis in global governance, fostered by widespread disenchantment with globalization, and reflects on the risks that the resulting political imbroglio presents for our environmental future. Global responses are ineffective due to crumbling multilaterism and the continuing promotion of unsustainable economic growth based on consumerism. Discontent with the consequences of globalization has destabilized national governance and, in the process, further corroded prospects for effective global governance in facing symbiotic social, political and environmental crises. Frustration with globalization is providing media populists a platform from which to attract voters with naive schemes that highlight climate change denial. Potential pathways and obstacles for multilateralism in efforts to resolve the current crisis are blurred. Blind faith in technology, negationism, and the pervasiveness of the consumer culture further hamper awareness raising. Unfortunately, voters, institutions and policies may only adjust when the intensification of climate disasters forces a sea change in outlook.

Os cientistas alertam para o fato de que a atividade humana no Antropoceno está provocando a transgressão de vários limites planetários. A equação população, meio ambiente e desenvolvimento ficou insolúvel. Este artigo revisa a trajetória das mudanças climáticas, discute as limitações dos esforços atuais para lidar com elas e analisa a atual crise na governança global, além de refletir sobre os riscos que esse imbróglio político apresenta para o nosso futuro ambiental. As respostas globais são ineficazes devido à deterioração do multilaterismo e à promoção generalizada do crescimento econômico insustentável baseado no consumismo. O descontentamento com as consequências da globalização desestabilizou a governança nacional e, no processo, corroeu ainda mais as perspectivas de uma governança global eficaz para enfrentar crises sociais, políticas e ambientais simbióticas. A frustração com a globalização está proporcionando aos populistas uma plataforma para atrair eleitores com esquemas ingênuos que incluem o negacionismo. Ao mesmo tempo, uma nova divisão do poder econômico, político e científico está surgindo com a Belt and Road Initiative da China. Discutem-se caminhos potenciais e obstáculos para o multilaterismo na tentativa de resolver esse dilema. A fé cega na tecnologia, o negacionismo e a difusão da cultura de consumo dificultam os esforços multilaterais contra as ameaças ambientais. Infelizmente, parece que eleitores, instituições e políticas só se ajustarão depois que a intensificação dos desastres climáticos forçar uma mudança radical de mentalidade.

Los científicos advierten que la actividad humana en el Antropoceno está provocando la transgresión de varios límites planetarios. La ecuación población, medio ambiente y desarrollo ha quedado insoluble. Este artículo revisa la trayectoria del cambio climático y discute las limitaciones de los esfuerzos actuales para lidiar con él. Analiza también la actual crisis en la gobernanza global y el desencanto generalizado que despierta y reflexiona sobre los riesgos que ese embrollo político presenta para nuestro futuro ambiental. Las respuestas globales son ineficaces debido al deterioro del multilaterismo y a la promoción continua del crecimiento económico insostenible basado en el consumismo. El descontento con las consecuencias de la globalización ha desestabilizado la gobernanza nacional y, en el proceso, ha corroído aún más las perspectivas de una gobernanza global eficaz para enfrentar crisis sociales, políticas y ambientales simbióticas. La frustración con las consecuencias de la globalización proporciona a los populistas una plataforma para atraer electores con esquemas ingenuos que incluyen la negación del cambio climático. Al mismo tiempo, surge una nueva división de poder económico, político e científico en torno de la Iniciativa Belt and Road de China. Se discuten caminos potenciales y obstáculos para el multilaterismo en el intento de resolver eses dilemas. La fe ciega en la tecnología, el negacionismo y la omnipresencia de la cultura de consumo dificultan la escalada necesaria de esfuerzos multilaterales. Desafortunadamente, votantes, instituciones y políticas solo se ajustarán cuando la intensificación de los desastres climáticos provocar un cambio radical de mentalidad.

Cambio climático algunos aspectos a considerar para la supervivencia del ser vivo: revisión sistemática de la literatura / Some climate-change aspects to be considered for the survival of living organisms: a systematic literature review / Mudança climática, alguns aspectos a serem considerados para a sobrevivência do ser vivo: revisão sistemática da literatura

Resumen Introducción La problemática del cambio climático global que experimenta el planeta debe ser continuamente mostrada con el propósito de lograr en los países una visión objetiva y coherente y facilitar el desarrollo de planes y políticas de manejo medio ambiental. El objetivo fue proporcionar de forma consolidada y actualizada información sobre cambio climático a considerar en la toma de conciencia sobre su efecto para la supervivencia. Materiales y Métodos Se basó en la revisión de literatura sobre aspectos del cambio climático en la supervivencia de la vida en la tierra, para ello se recurrió a bases de datos físicas (bibliotecas) y virtuales (Bireme/OPS, Medline, PudMed, Scielo). Resultados De la revisión destacan cinco elementos claves: La evidencia del cambio climático; el cambio climático y su construcción mediática; el clima, su cambio y efecto sobre la salud; la política global y cambio climático; y los ecosistemas en materia de conservación en América Latina. Discusión El cambio climático tiene un amplio cuerpo teórico de cimiento que debe presentarse de forma concisa y actualizada en procura de favorecer la toma de decisiones en la mitigación y adaptación de los efectos adversos que de él se deriva para la supervivencia de la vida en la tierra. Conclusiones Toda acción de prevención, mitigación o adaptación a cambio climáticos requiere de información actual con el fin de garantizar el éxito una vez instauradas, debido a la diversidad de impactos y vulnerabilidad que tienen las poblaciones en distintas regiones del mundo.

Abstract Introduction The problem of global climate change that the planet is experiencing must be continually shown so that countries achieve an objective and consistent view, and plans and policies for environmental management are expeditiously developed. The aim is to provide -on a consolidated and up-to-date basis- information on climate change to be considered in decision-making concerning its impact on survival. Materials and Methods Work was based on the literature review about climate-change aspects in the survival of life on earth; physical (libraries) and virtual (Bireme, Medline, PudMed, Scielo) databases were queried for this purpose. Results Five key elements to be highlighted from the review: The evidence of climate change; climate change itself and its media construction; climate, its change and impact on health; global policy and climate change; and ecosystems conservation in Latin America. Discussion Climate change is based on broad theoretical framework that must be shown in concise and up-to-date manner to contribute to decision-making about the mitigation of and adaptation to its adverse impacts on the survival of life on earth. Conclusions Any action for the prevention, mitigation or adaptation to climate change requires current information to ensure its success after implementation, due to the diversity of impacts and vulnerability suffered by populations in different regions around the world.

Resumo Introdução O problema da mudança climática no mundo que está vivenciando o planeta deve ser continuamente mostrado para os países puderem ter uma visão objetiva e coerente e facilitar o desenvolvimento de planos e de políticas de gestão ambiental. O objetivo foi fornecer informações consolidadas e atualizadas sobre a mudança climática que devem ser consideradas para a conscientização sobre seu efeito na sobrevivência. Materiais e Métodos O estudo esteve baseado na revisão da literatura sobre aspectos da mudança climática na sobrevivência da vida na Terra e para isso, foram utilizados bancos de dados físicos (bibliotecas) e virtuais (Bireme/OPS, Medline, PudMed, Scielo). Resultados Cinco elementos-chave se destacam da revisão: as evidências da mudança climática; a mudança climática e sua construção na mídia; o clima, sua mudança e efeito na saúde; a política global e a mudança climática; e os ecossistemas de conservação na América Latina. Discussão A mudança climática tem um amplo corpo teórico de fundamentação que deve ser apresentado de forma concisa e atualizada, a fim de favorecer a tomada de decisão na redução e adaptação dos efeitos adversos derivados provocados por ela para a sobrevivência da vida no planeta. Conclusões Qualquer ação de prevenção, mitigação ou adaptação em relação à mudança climática exige informações atualizadas para garantir que tenha sucesso quando seja estabelecida, devido à diversidade de impactos e à vulnerabilidade das populações em diferentes regiões do mundo.